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The Brain Memories Are Crucial for Looking Into the Future
Paul Jang  2016-07-08 03:11:07, hit : 2,243

Mind & Brain / Memory, Emotions, & Decisions
(¸¶À½, µÎ³ú / ±â¾ï, Á¤¼­, ±×¸®°í °áÁ¤)

The Brain Memories Are Crucial for Looking Into the Future
(µÎ³úÀÇ ±â¾ïµéÀº ¹Ì·¡¸¦ µé¿©´Ùº¸´Â µ¥ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù)


Without remembering how the past unfolded, trying to plan ahead is \\"like being in a room with nothing there and having a guy tell you to go find a chair.\\"
(°ú°Å°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô Àü°³µÇ¾ú´Â°¡¸¦ ±â¾ïÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ¾ÕÀ» °èȹÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ¾ø´Â ¹æ¿¡¼­ ÀÇÀÚ¸¦ ãÀ¸¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù)

by Carl Zimmer
From the April 2011 issue; published online April 24, 2011


One day not long ago a 27-year-old woman was brought to the 
Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, sleepy and confused. Fani Andelman, a neuropsychologist at the center, and colleagues gave the woman a battery of psychological tests to judge her state of mind.
(¾ó¸¶Àü ¾î´À³¯ 27¼¼µÈ ¿©ÀÎÀÌ Á¹¸ç È¥¹ÌÇÑ »óÅ·ΠÅھƺñºê ¼ö¶ó½ºÅ° ÀÇ·á¿øÀ¸·Î À̼۵Ǿú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÇ·áÁøµéÀÌ ±×³àÀÇ ¸¶À½ÀÇ »óŸ¦ ÆǺ°Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ½É¸®ÇÐÀû Å×½ºÆ®¸¦ ÇÏ¿´´Ù)

At first the woman seemed fine. She could see and speak clearly. She could understand the meaning of words and recall the faces of famous people. She could even solve logic puzzles, including a complex test that required her to plan several steps ahead. But her memory had holes. She could still remember recent events outside her own life, and she could tell Andelman details of her life up to 2004.
(óÀ½¿¡ ±× ¿©ÀÎÀº ¾çÈ£ÇÑ °Í°°ÀÌ º¸¿´´Ù. ±×³à´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×³à´Â ¾Õ¼­ÀÇ ¸î°¡Áö ´Ü°èµéÀ» °ÅÄ¥ °èȹÀ¸·Î ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â ¾î¶² º¹ÀâÇÑ Å×½ºÆ®¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ³í¸®Àû ¼ö¼ö²²³¢µé ±îÁöµµ 풒 ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ¿©ÀÎÀÇ ±â¾ïÀº ºóÆ´µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±× ¿©ÀÎÀº ±×³à ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ýÈ° ¹Û¿¡¼­ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±Ù·¡ »ç°ÇµéÀ» ±â¾ïÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¾Èµ¨¸¸¿¡°Ô 2004³â±îÁö ±×³àÀÇ »ýÈ°À» »ó¼¼È÷ ¸» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù)

Beyond that point, however, her autobiography was in tatters. The more doctors probed her so-called episodic memory—the sequential recollection of personal events from the past—the more upset she became. As for envisioning her personal future, that was a lost cause. Asked 
what she thought she might be doing anytime beyond the next day, she couldn¡¯t tell them anything at all.
(±×·¯³ª ±×·± Á¡ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ±×¿©ÀÚÀÇ ÀÚ¼­ÀüÀº ´©´õ±â°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÇ»çµéÀº ±×³àÀÇ ¼ÒÀ§ ¿¡ÇǼҵåÀûÀÎ ±â¾ï-- °ú°Å·ÎºÎÅÍ °³ÀÎÀÇ »ç°Çµé¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ ±â¾ï--À» ¸é¹ÐÈ÷ Á¶»çÇϸé ÇÒ ¼ö·Ï ±×¿©ÀÚ´Â ´õ¿í ¾û¸ÁÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¿©ÀÚÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ³»´Ùº¸¸é ¼º°øÇÒ ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¿øÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¿©ÀÚ°¡ ´ÙÀ½³¯ Áö³ª¼­ ¾î´À ¶§³ª ÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀ» ¹°¾îº¸¸é ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÀüÇô ¾î¶² °Íµµ ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù.)

The patient, Andelman realized, hadn¡¯t just lost her past; she had lost her future as well. It was impossible for her to imagine traveling forward in time. During her examination, the woman offered an explanation for her absence of foresight. ¡°I barely know where I am,¡± she said. ¡°I don¡¯t picture myself in the future. I don¡¯t know what I¡¯ll do when I get home. You need a base to build the future.¡±
(AndelmanÀÌ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â ±× ȯÀÚ´Â ±×³àÀÇ °ú°Å¸¸Àº Àؾî¹ö¸®Áö ¾Ê¾Ò°í; ¹°·Ð ¹Ì·¡ ¸¸À» ÀØ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×³à°¡ ½Ã°£ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ÇâÇÑ ¿©ÇàÀ» »ó»óÇϱâ¶õ ºÒ°¡´É ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. °Ë»çÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È±× ¿©ÀÚ´Â ¾ÕÀ» ³»´Ùº¼ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼³¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù. \\"³ª°¡ ¾îµð¿¡ ÀÖ´ÂÁö °¡±î½º·Î ¾Ð´Ï´Ù, \\"¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù.\\"³ª´Â ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ±×·Áº¼ ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ³ª´Â ³»°¡ Áý¿¡ µµÂøÇÏ¸é ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ¸ð¸¨´Ï´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ¼³°èÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ±âÃÊ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù.\\")

The past and future may seem like different worlds, yet the two are intimately intertwined in our minds. In recent studies on mental time travel, neuroscientists found that we use many of the same regions of the brain to remember the past as we do to envision our future lives. In fact, our need for foresight may explain why we can form memories in the first place. They are indeed ¡°a base to build the future.¡± And together, our senses of past and future may be crucial to our species¡¯ success.
(°ú°Å¿Í ¹Ì·¡°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ¼¼°èó·³ º¸ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª, µÎ ¼¼°è°¡ ¿ì¸® ¸¶À½ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°üµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ ½Ã°£ ¿©Çà¿¡ °üÇÑ ÃÖ±Ù ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ ½Å°æÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ »îÀ» º¸´Â °Í °°ÀÌ °ú°Å¸¦ ±â¾ïÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© µÎ³úÀÇ ¶È °°Àº ¸¹Àº ¿µ¿ªµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. »ç½Ç, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿¹Ãø¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¿Ö óÀ½ Àå¼Ò¿¡¼­ ±â¾ïµéÀ» Çü¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Áö¸¦ ¼³¸íÇØÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ½Ç·Î \\"¹Ì·¡¸¦ ±¸»óÇÏ´Â ±âÃÊ\\"µéÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ´Ù°°ÀÌ °ú°Å¿Í ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °¨°¢µéÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Á¾Á·µéÀÇ ¼º°ø¿¡ Áß¿äÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.)

Endel Tulving, a neuroscientist at the University of Toronto, first proposed a link between memory and foresight in 1985. It had occurred to him as he was examining a brain-injured patient. ¡°N.N.,¡± as the man was known, still had memories of basic facts. He could explain how to make a long-distance call and draw the Statue of Liberty. But he could not recall a single event from his own life. In other words, he had lost his episodic memory. Tulving and his colleagues then discovered that N.N. could not imagine the future. ¡°What will you be doing tomorrow?¡± Tulving asked him during one interview. After 15 seconds of silence, N.N. smiled faintly. ¡°I don¡¯t know,¡± he said. (Åä·ÐÅä ´ëÇÐÀÇ ½Å°æÇÐÀÚ ¿£µ¨ ÅкùÀÌ 1985³â¿¡ óÀ½À¸·Î ±â¾ï°ú ¿¹°ß »çÀÌÀÇ ¾î¶² ¿¬°áÀ» Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç½ÇÀº ±×°¡ ÇÑ ³ú¼Õ»ó ȯÀÚ¸¦ °Ë»çÇÒ¶§ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù. ±× »ç¶÷ÀÎ ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¹Ù¿Í °°ÀÌ \\"N.N..\\"Àº ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ±âº»ÀûÀÎ »ç½ÇµéÀÇ ±â¾ïµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ¾î¶»°Ô Àå°Å¸® ÀüÈ­¸¦ Çϸç ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ¿©½Å»óÀ» ±×¸± ¼ö Àִ°¡¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ±×´Â ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ ±â¾ïÀ» »ó½ÇÇß¾ú´Ù. Åкù°ú ±×ÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀº ±× ¶§ N.N.ÀÌ ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ó»óÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. \\"´ç½ÅÀº ³»ÀÏ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡?\\" ÅкùÀº ±×¿¡°Ô ÀÎÅͺο¡¼­ ¹°¾ú´Ù. 15ÃÊ °£ÀÇ Ä§¹¬ÀÌ È긥 ÈÄ, N.N.Àº Èû ¾ø´Â ¹Ì¼Ò¸¦ Áö¾ú´Ù. \\"³ª´Â ¸ð¸¨´Ï´Ù,\\" ¶ó°í ±×´Â ´ë´äÇÏ¿´´Ù.)

¡°Do you remember the question?¡± Tulving asked.
(\\"´ç½ÅÀº ±× Áú¹®À» ±â¾ïÇϽʴϱî?\\" ÅкùÀÌ ¹°¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.)

¡°About what I¡¯ll be doing tomorrow?¡± N.N. replied.
(\\"³ª´Â ³»ÀÏ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀԴϱî?\\" N.N.Àº ´ë´äÇß´Ù.)

¡°Yes. How would you describe your state of mind when you try to think about it?¡±
(\\"³×, ´ç½ÅÀÌ ±×°Í¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© »ý°¢ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ¸¶À½ÀÇ »óŸ¦ ¼³¸íÇØÁֽðڽÀ´Ï±î?\\")

N.N. paused for a few more seconds. ¡°Blank, I guess,¡± he said. The very concept of the future, seemed meaningless to N.N. ¡°It¡¯s like being in a room with nothing there and having a guy tell you to go find a chair,¡± he explained.
(N.N.Àº Àá½Ã ½¬¾ú´Ù°¡, \\"³»°¡ ÃßÃøÇϱâ´Â °ø¹éÀÔ´Ï´Ù,\\"¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ±× ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ù·Î ±× °³³äÀº N.N.¿¡ À־´Â ¹«ÀǹÌÇÑ °Í °°¾Ò´Ù. \\"±×°ÍÀº Ä£±¸°¡ °Å±â ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾ø´Â ¹æ ¾È¿¡¼­ ÀÇÀÚ¸¦ 찿À¸¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù,\\"¶ó°í ¼³¸íÇß´Ù.)

On the basis of his study of N.N., Tulving proposed that projecting ourselves into the future requires the same brain circuitry we use to remember ourselves in the past. Over the past decade, as scientists have begun to use fMRI scanners to probe the activity of the brain, they have found support for his hypothesis. Last year, for example, Tulving and his colleagues had volunteers lie in an fMRI scanner and imagine themselves in the past, present, and future. The researchers saw a number of regions become active in the brains of the volunteers while thinking of the past and future, but not the present.
(N.N. ¿¬±¸¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿© ÅкùÀº ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ÇâÇÑ ¿ì¸® ÀڽŵéÀ» ¼³°èÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ °ú°Å¿¡ ÀڽŵéÀ» ±â¾ïÇϴµ¥ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¶È°°Àº µÎ³ú ȸ·Î¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ÀÇ°ßÀ» Á¦½ÃÇß´Ù. Áö³­ ½Ê¿©³â ÀÌ»ó °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ µÎ³úÀÇ È°µ¿À» Ž±¸Çϴµ¥ fMRI¸¦ »ç¿ëÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇßÀ» ¶§, ±×µéÀº ÅкùÀÇ °¡¼³¸¦ ÁöÁöÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î Áö³­ÇØ Åкù°ú ±×ÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀº ÀÚÁøÇؼ­ fMRI ½ºÄ³³Ê ¼Ó¿¡ ´©¾î ½º½º·Î °ú°Å¿Í ÇöÀç¿Í ¹Ì·¡¸¦ »ó»óÇß´Ù. ¿¬±¸ÁøµéÀº ¼ö¸¹Àº ¿µ¿ªµéÀÌ °ú°Å¿Í ¹Ì·¡¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È ±×µéÀÇ µÎ³ú ¼Ó¿¡¼­ È°µ¿ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¾ÒÀ¸³ª ÇöÀç¿¡ °üÇÑÇÑ ±×·¸Áö°¡ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.)

Studies on children also lend support to Tulving¡¯s time travel hypothesis. Previous work had shown that around the age of 4, children start to develop a strong episodic memory. Thomas Sud¡©¡©dendorf, a psychologist at the University of Queensland in Australia, designed a series of experiments to see if foresight develops with the same timing. In one experiment, published earlier this year, he showed 3- and 4-year-olds a box with a triangular hole on one side and demonstrated how to open it with a triangular key. He then swapped the box for one equipped with a square lock and gave the children three different keys. Most of the 96 subjects correctly picked the square key, regardless of their age. (¾î¸°À̵鿡 °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ÅкùÀÇ ½Ã°£¿©ÇàÀÇ °¡¼³À» µµ¿ÍÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Â ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù. ¾Õ¼­ÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷Àº ´ë·« 4¼¼ ¾î¸°À̵éÀÌ °­ÇÑ ¿¡ÇǼҵñÇÑ ±â¾ï·ÂÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃÅ°±â ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿À½ºÆ®¶ö¸®¾Æ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Äý½º·£µå ´ëÇб³ÀÇ ½É¸®ÇÐÀÚ Å丶½º ¼­µ§µ¹ÇÁ´Â ¿¹°ßÀÌ ¶È°°Àº ½Ã°£°ú ÇÔ²² ¹ßÀüµÇ´ÂÁö¸¦ º¸±âÀ§ÇÏ¿© ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ½ÇÇèµéÀ» °èȹÇÏ¿´´Ù. ù ÇØ ÃÊ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ÇÑ ½ÇÇè¿¡¼­ ±×´Â 3¼¼¿Í 4¼¼ÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵鿡°Ô ÇÑ ÂÊ¿¡ »ï°¢ ±¸¸ÛÀÌ ÀÖ´Â »óÀÚ¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ°í »ï°¢ ¿­¼è¸¦ ±×°ÍÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¿©´Â°¡¸¦ Áõ¸íÇØ º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ±× »óÀÚ¸¦ »ç°¢ ÀÚ¹°ÅëÀ¸·Î µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù°í ±× ¾î¸°À̵鿡°Ô ¼¼°³ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¿­¼èµéÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. Á¤È®È÷ 96¸íÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵é Áß¿¡ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ³ªÀÌ¿Í »ó°ü¾øÀÌ »ç°¢À¸·Î µÈ ¿­¼è¸¦ Àâ¾Ò´Ù.

Then Suddendorf ran the experiment again, but with a twist to test the children¡¯s foresight. Instead of choosing a key for the square lock right away, the kids were first taken to another room to play for 15 minutes; only after that were they offered a choice of keys, which they had to take back to the room with the box. The children had to anticipate what would happen when they tried to unlock it. This time Suddendorf found a sharp break between the 3-year-olds and the 4-year-olds. The younger kids were just as likely to pick one of the wrong keys as the right one. The older kids did much better—probably because, with more developed episodic memories, they remembered the square lock and used that knowledge to project into a future in which only a square key would unlock the box. (±×¸®°í ³ª¼­ ¼­µ§µ¹ÇÁ´Â ±× ½ÇÇèÀ» ´Ù½Ã ÁøÇàÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÇ ¿¹°ßÀ» Å×½ºÆ®Çϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¸ð¾çÀ» µÚƲ¾î¼­ ½ÃÇèÀ» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±× ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº ¹Ù·Î »ç°¢ ÀÚ¹°¼è¸¦ ¿­±â À§ÇÑ ¿­¼è¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡ 15ºÐµ¿¾È ³î ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¹æÀ¸·Î µ¥·Á°¬´Ù. ´Ù¸¸ ±×·± ÈÄ¿¡ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¿­¼èµé Áß¿¡¼­ Çϳª¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ±× ¿­¼è´Â ±×µéÀÌ ±× »óÀÚ°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹æÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿Í¼­ ÃëÇØ¾ß Çß´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº ±× »óÀÚ¸¦ ¿­·Á°í ¾Ö¾²°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§¿¡ ÀϾ ÀÏÀ» ¿¹»ó Çؾ߸¸ Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ¶§¿¡ ¼­ÅÙµ¹ÇÁ´Â 3¼¼¿Í 4¼¼ÀÇ ¾ÆÀÌµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ Â÷À̸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. Á» ´õ ³ªÀÌ°¡ ¾î¸° ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº ¸Â´Â °ÍÀÎ ÁÙ ¾Ë°í ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê´Â ¿­¼è Áß¿¡ Çϳª¸¦ Áý¾ú´Ù. Á» ´õ ³ªÀÌ°¡ µç ¾ÆÀ̵éÀº ¸¹ÀÌ ³ªÀº ÆíÀε¥- ¾Æ¸¶ º¸´Ù ¹ßÀüµÈ ¿¡ÇǼҵñ ±â¾ïµé·Î ±×µéÀÌ »ç°¢ ÀÚ¹°¼è¸¦ ±â¾ïÇÏ°í ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ÇâÇÑ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§µå¿¡ ¶§ÇÑ Áö½ÄÀ» »ç¿ëÇ߱⠶§¹®Àε¥, ´ÜÁö ÇϳªÀÇ »ç°¢À¸·Î µÈ Å°¸¸ÀÌ ±× »óÀÚÀ» ¿­ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¿¹»ó ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.)


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